Soil Microbial and Metabolomic Shifts Induced by Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacterial Inoculation in Torreya grandis Seedlings

Phosphorus is crucial for plant growth and development, but excess fertilizer not absorbed by plants often binds with metal ions like iron and manganese, forming insoluble compounds that contribute to soil environmental pollution. This study investigates the impact of <i>Burkholderia</i> sp., a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium utilized as a biofertilizer, on the fertility of <i>T. grandis</i> soil, alongside the associated shifts in soil metabolites and their relationship with microbial communities after inoculation. The soil microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were analyzed via amplicon sequencing and high-resolution untargeted metabolomics. The inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria led to a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) enhancement in total phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen concentrations in the soil, with a marked increase in available phosphorus in bulk soil (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the microbial community structure exhibited significant shifts, particularly in the abundance of bacterial phyla such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and the fungal phylum Ascomycota. Metabolomic analysis revealed distinct metabolites, including fatty acids, hormones, amino acids, and drug-related compounds. Key microbial taxa such as Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Mucoromycota, and Ascomycota indirectly contributed to soil phosphorus metabolism by influencing these differential metabolites. In conclusion, the application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria offers an innovative approach to improving soil quality in <i>T. grandis</i>, promoting phosphorus utilization efficiency, and enhancing soil ecosystem health by optimizing microbial communities and metabolite compositions.