Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer Prediction Using Multimodal Deep Learning with Prostate-Specific Antigen Restriction

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a clinically heterogeneous disease. Predicting clinically significant PCa with low-intermediate prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which often includes aggressive cancers, is imperative. This study evaluated the predictive accuracy of deep learning analysis using multimodal medical data focused on clinically significant PCa in patients with PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL. Our cohort study included 178 consecutive patients who underwent ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Deep learning analyses were applied to predict clinically significant PCa. We generated receiver operating characteristic curves and calculated the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) to assess the prediction. The AUC of the integrated medical data using our multimodal deep learning approach was 0.878 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.772-0.984) in all patients without PSA restriction. Despite the reduced predictive ability of PSA when restricted to PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL (<i>n</i> = 122), the AUC was 0.862 (95% CI: 0.723-1.000), complemented by imaging data. In addition, we assessed clinical presentations and images belonging to representative false-negative and false-positive cases. Our multimodal deep learning approach assists physicians in determining treatment strategies by predicting clinically significant PCa in patients with PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL before biopsy, contributing to personalized medical workflows for PCa management.