Advancements in Nanotechnology-Based Paclitaxel Delivery Systems: Systematic Review on Overcoming Solubility, Toxicity, and Drug Resistance Challenges in Cancer Therapy

Background: Paclitaxel (PTX) is a potent chemotherapeutic widely used to treat cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer. However, its poor water solubility, severe side effects, and susceptibility to multidrug resistance (MDR) limit its clinical effectiveness. Recent research focuses on nanotechnology-based delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers, to enhance PTX solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. This systematic review analyzed studies from 2019 to 2023 that explore advancements in PTX delivery, focusing on improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing toxicity. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Forty-five primary research studies meeting inclusion criteria for nanotechnology-based systems, targeted delivery, and MDR strategies were analyzed for improvements in PTX delivery efficacy. Results: The review identified significant advancements in PTX delivery through nanoparticle and targeted systems. Polymer-based nanoparticles, ligand-conjugated carriers, and co-delivery systems with MDR inhibitors showed improved PTX solubility, stability, and selective targeting. Theragnostic platforms combining diagnostics and therapy offered real-time tracking, enhancing personalized treatment. Conclusion: While nanotechnology-based PTX delivery shows promise in overcoming PTX's limitations, challenges remain, particularly in nanoparticle stability, tumor microenvironment barriers, and regulatory hurdles. Future research should address these challenges to enable the clinical translation of PTX systems, providing more effective, accessible cancer treatments worldwide.