Book Review: Shadow Education in the Middle East

Since the 1990s, private supplementary tutoring has become increasingly prevalent across the globe. Such form of tutoring is often referred to as ‘shadow education’ because it ‘mimics schooling’ (p. 4). As such, ‘as the curriculum changes in the schools, so it changes in the shadow; and as the school systems expand, so do shadow systems’ (p. 4). This has inspired numerous scholars to explore its contributing factors and their implications for education policymaking, social mobility, and equity. Shadow Education in the Middle East: Private supplementary tutoring and its policy implications, co-authored by Mark Bray and Anas Hajar, is the latest addition the study of shadow education as a global phenomenon. It builds on Mark Bray and others’ existing works on mapping the global landscape of shadow education, including post-Soviet states (Silova et al., 2006), the Mediterranean (Bray et al., 2013), East Asia (Zhang and Yamato, 2018), South Asia (Joshi, 2021), and Africa (Bray, 2021).