Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Challenging Complication of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an uncommon but recognized complication of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Management challenges include the absence of established guidelines and variable response rates to first-line treatments. We present a case series of three patients, all submitted to HSCT for non-oncologic diseases, who developed AIHA as a complication in the following months. All three were resistant to first-line treatments and required several lines of therapy to achieve a hematological response. Although new treatments have been proposed in refractory cases, multicenter studies and management guidelines are warranted to better characterize this disease and help clinicians.