Optimization of Soil Temperature Dynamics under Different Irrigation Schedules, Tillage Methods, and NPK Fertilizer Application Rates

Soil temperature is a critical factor influencing crop growth and development. This study investigated the effects of tillage, irrigation, and Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium (NPK) fertilizer on soil temperature, exploring optimal management strategies for improved crop productivity. A field experiment was conducted at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, using a central composite design in response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the interactions between conventional, conservative, and zero tillage, irrigation deficit levels, and NPK fertilizer rates. Using response surface methodology (RSM) to study the effect of tillage, irrigation and NPK application on soil temperature for the study area is grossly lacking in literature. The results showed that tillage, irrigation management, and NPK fertilizer application significantly impacted soil temperature profiles. A quadratic model accurately predicted soil temperature, explaining 82.71% of the variability. Optimum conditions were identified as 11.59% irrigation deficit, 596.41 kg/ha NPK application rate, and conservative tillage, resulting in a soil temperature of 23.74°C. This research contributes to the understanding of complex interactions between tillage, irrigation, and NPK fertilizer on soil temperature, informing evidence-based strategies for sustainable agriculture. The findings underscore the importance of holistic management practices that harmonize tillage, irrigation, and NPK fertilizer to optimize soil thermal dynamics for enhanced crop growth and development.