The decline of bull population in India: Economic, ecological, and health impacts based on a study of Theni Malaimadu cattle

This study explores the socio-economic and ecological impacts of declining bull populations in Theni district, India, with a focus on Theni Malaimadu cattle. Analysis of household expenditure and income shows that traditional farming methods, primarily using Theni Malaimadu cattle for sale of male calves and manure as fertilizer, contribute significantly to rural livelihoods. Manure sales provide a primary source of income, illustrating the importance of these cattle in organic farming. Households relying on Theni Malaimadu cattle earn an annual net income of INR 65,500, comprising 48.23% of total income. Families with more than two bulls reported an income of INR 96,545, while those with fewer averaged INR 57,369, demonstrating the economic benefits of maintaining bull populations. Additionally, the Social Return on Investment (SROI) model revealed an average SROI of 3.76 for households with more than two bulls, versus 2.40 for those with fewer, indicating broader social benefits. Findings emphasize the importance of preserving indigenous breeds, like Theni Malaimadu cattle, for socio-economic resilience, sustainable agriculture, and ecological balance.