A plant microfossil and parasite record from Palliser Bay stone garden systems, New Zealand, reveals Māori translocations and helminthiasis

The study of Māori agriculture, including almost all the numerous Māori stone garden sites recorded in both the North and South Islands, has been limited by lack of evidence in the form of plant remains. Here we address this under-research by providing microfossil analyses (pollen, phytoliths, and starch) of 22 archaeological soil samples across a 14 km range, with an additional sample from 11 km distant, from Palliser Bay in the southern North Island. Results show evidence of Māori translocations, comprising cf. Ipomoea batatas, cf. Colocasia esculenta, and cf. Cordyline fruticosa, to date the southernmost New Zealand report for the latter two. The presence of cf. I. batatas and cf. C. esculenta starch remains in relatively large amounts in almost all samples and small amounts in fewer samples, respectively, suggests that the latter was more of a minor crop in Palliser Bay. Samples taken for microfossil analyses also contained the dog parasites (Dipyl­idium caninum and Toxocara canis). The microfossil evidence supports the view that the southern extent of Māori cultivation of introduced warmer climate crops in temperate New Zealand was variably, progressively limited by length of growing season requirements.