Chyloperitoneum induced by radiotherapy: case report and review of the literature

Chylous ascites, also known as chyloperitoneum, is an uncommon condition with an incidence ranging from 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 187,000 patients. It is characterized by the presence of chyle in the abdominal cavity. Its etiology is often multifactorial, with abdominal trauma being the most common cause. Atraumatic causes, though less frequent, often arise from malignancies or lymphatic disorders. Radiotherapy-induced chyloperitoneum is even rarer, with an incidence of less than 3%. Diagnostic imaging, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), as well as ascitic fluid analysis, showing triglyceride concentrations greater than 200 mg/dL, are essential for diagnosis. Treatment is generally multifactorial, involving parenteral nutrition, paracentesis, medication, and, in some cases, derivation or surgical procedures.