Global Disinformation Campaigns and International Law: Analyzing the Cases of Lisa and Confederation to Navigate the Complexities of Balancing Human Rights and National Security

In the digital age, global disinformation campaigns are becoming a fundamental challenge that accompanies almost every conflict in international relations. The widespread adoption and development of such operations, especially those utilizing generative artificial intelligence, is inevitable. The article defines disinformation and locates it in the grid of near concepts. The author presents the ongoing conflict between the conduct of international actors and human rights, considering disinformation from the perspective of its adverse effects seen in their direct and indirect dimensions – through the consequences of the need to protect the national security of the targeted actors. Possible classification of the conduct of disinformation campaigns within the framework of public international law is also described and evaluated.