Advancements in ascorbic acid quantification: from macroscopic analysis to miniaturized nano-sensing for quality control in food and beverage

Abstract Ascorbic acid (AA) or vitamin C, is vital in food safety, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. This review discusses recent advancements in biosensors for AA detection. Traditional macro-analysis techniques such as high-performance liquids chromatography (HPLC), and flow injection analysis (FIA) provide accurate measurements but are costly and require specialized handling. Miniaturized nano-sensors are emerging as promising alternatives, offering advantages such as portability, cost effectiveness, and rapid response. This review explores the working principles of these nano-sensors, highlighting colorimetric, fluorometric and electrochemical detection methods. It also outlines the current AA biosensing landscape, detailing strategies to improve selectivity and specificity, including the choice of biorecognition elements and material selection for detection probe synthesis. Emerging nanomaterials and their applicability to support sensing activity are explored. This review serves as a valuable resource, suggesting future research directions to address existing challenges and further advance biosensor technology.