Modeling and Control of Dual Active Bridge‐Modular Multilevel Converter‐Based Solid State Transformer for Grid Integration of SPV and Battery Energy Storage

ABSTRACT This article deals with the modeling and control of a solid‐state transformer (SST) based on a dual active bridge (DAB) and modular multilevel converter (MMC) for integrating solar photovoltaic (SPV) and battery energy storage (BES) systems into the grid. SST uses DABs for bidirectional DC‐DC conversion and an MMC for DC‐AC conversion. A hybrid control method is developed in this study, which combines proportional‐integral (PI) controllers and model predictive control (MPC) to achieve the multiple objectives of the SST. The DABs' control system uses PI controllers for power extraction from the SPV system and to regulate the charging and discharging of the BES according to power generation and demand fluctuations. MPC is applied to control the active power injection, regulate the DC‐link and sub‐module capacitor voltages of the MMC. Moreover, the developed hybrid control method ensures reliable SST performance even under adverse conditions like grid voltage distortion, unbalance, and frequency variations. An energy management strategy is developed based on total power generation, reference active power injection, and the state of charge of the BES. This strategy ensures accurate reference power injection to the grid despite dynamic changes in operating conditions. The article also presents a detailed mathematical model of the DAB and MMC components, and the stability of the control algorithm is analyzed theoretically. The effectiveness of the SST and the proposed hybrid control scheme is demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and hardware‐in‐the‐loop experimental results under various operating conditions.