Sustainability outcomes of volunteer tourism in rural communities: empowerment and the role of volunteer tourism organizations

Purpose Research on the sustainability outcomes of volunteer tourism (VT) in rural communities is rare. Drawing on the perspectives and theoretical concepts related to multiple forms of capital, empowerment, and sustainability, this paper presents the sustainability outcomes of VT and the role of empowerment and volunteer tourism organizations (VTOs) in attaining greater sustainability. Design/methodology/approach A total of 37 semi-structured interviews and 4 documents were conducted with stakeholders on the perceived socio-cultural impacts of VT on two farm communities in Vietnam. A qualitative thematic coding analysis was used to identify themes that explain the sustainability outcomes of VT. Findings The results of this study were divided into the nine themes of relationships, community resource development, job opportunities, educational effects, cultural exchanges, health, awareness of environmental conservation, physical changes, and promoting local products and tourism. Practical implications VTOs should involve the local community in the decision-making process for volunteer activities. It is essential to share their voices and concerns about how the VT is set up to ensure that they meet the community’s expectations. Moreover, the government can act as a bridge between VTOs and host communities, providing training and support services to locals after volunteers leave. Originality/value This research creates a model for connecting the sustainability outcomes of VT, empowerment, and the role of VTOs.