Promoting Sustainable Safety Work Environments: Factors Affecting Korean Workers’ Recognition of Their Right to Refuse Dangerous Work

(1) Background: The right to refuse dangerous work (RTRDW) is essential for preventing industrial accidents and protecting worker safety in Korea. However, its use remains limited in practice. This study seeks to identify the factors hindering its activation across industries such as construction, manufacturing, and services, offering a comprehensive analysis beyond previous research. (2) Methods: A survey was conducted across key industries to assess five factors—safety behavior, communication, management commitment, education and training, and education and training—using structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate their influence on the exercise of RTRDW. (3) Results: The SEM model showed a good fit (χ2 = 1151.333, p < 0.001, TLI = 0.978, CFI = 0.984, RMSEA = 0.05). The most significant factors influencing RTRDW were safety performance behavior and communication, while ambiguous regulations, poor training, and fear of job loss discouraged its use. (4) Conclusions: To improve RTRDW activation, clearer regulations, enhanced safety education and training, stronger management commitment, and better communication are necessary. Addressing these issues can help workers confidently exercise their right to refuse dangerous work, enhancing overall workplace safety. (5) Benefits: This study provides practical strategies for policymakers and industry leaders to promote safety, empowering workers to use RTRDW effectively and contributing to a safer work environment.