A causal model for predicting the impact of pharmacotherapy on colorectal surgery outcomes

To improve the odds for positive composite outcomes, oral iron and antibiotics, sugammadex and neostigmine, lower MME, and early IV fluid cessation could be considered essential core items, whereas postoperative dual IV antibiotics and epidural anesthesia might be avoided. Additional research needs to clarify the impacts of in-hospital enoxaparin, ketamine nonanesthetic bolus, and ondansetron use on composite patient outcomes.