Abstract 4123308: Trends in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus By US State, 2019 -2023

Introduction/ Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most frequent adverse pregnancy outcomes and increases the risk of lifetime cardiometabolic disease. Given known geographic disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality in the US, we examined state-level prevalence and trends in GDM from 2019-2023. Methods: We conducted a serial, cross-sectional analysis of maternal health data recorded on birth certificates from all livebirths in the US using the National Center for Health Statistics Natality Files. We included pregnant individuals aged 15-44 years who gave birth from 2019-2023, had a singleton, live birth, and did not have pre-pregnancy diabetes. We calculated the age-standardized prevalence and average-annual percent change (AAPC) in GDM from 2019-2023, overall, by U.S. census region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West), and in each US state and the District of Columbia (DC). Results: Of the 17,432,486 individuals with live births between 2019 and 2023, overall prevalence of GDM per 100 live births (95% confidence interval) was 6.9 (6.9, 6.9) in 2019 and 8.0 (8.0, 8.1) in 2023 (AAPC 3.2 [-1.7, 8.5]). There was significant geographic variation in overall prevalence of GDM by US region and state ( Figure 1 ). In 2023, prevalence was higher in the Midwest (8.8 [8.7, 8.9]) and Western states (8.6, [8.5,8.6]) compared with the Southern (7.3, [7.3, 7.4]) and Northeastern states (8.1, [8.0,8.2]), ranging from 5.5 (4.9,6.0) in DC to 13.0 (12.2,13.8) in Alaska. Prevalence was higher in 2023 compared with 2019 in all US regions and states and DC, except Alaska, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, New Jersey, and Wyoming. Prevalence increased most rapidly in the Western US states (AAPC 4.2%/year [0.1, 8.4]) with the greatest change observed in Montana from 5.1 (4.7, 5.6) in 2019 to 8.0 (7.5, 8.5) in 2023 (AAPC 10.3%/year [5.6, 15.3]). Conclusions: GDM prevalence increased significantly from 2019-2023 with substantial heterogeneity by US region and state. More localized state-level analysis with context-specific polices that address factors associated with geographic differences in GDM are needed to promote maternal cardiometabolic health equity in the US.