The (FWE)2 nexus: Bridging food, food waste, water, energy, and ecosystems for circular systems and sustainable development

The imperative for sustainable resource management has become increasingly critical in the context of a rapidly expanding global population and heightened resource demands, compounded by the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental degradation. Traditional sector-specific approaches, which frequently isolate agriculture, energy, and water management, have proven inadequate in addressing the complex interdependencies inherent in resource ecosystems. In this regard, the Food, Food Waste, Water, Energy, and Ecosystems ((FWE) 2 ) nexus framework emerges as a transformative paradigm that advocates for an integrated understanding of these interconnected components. This framework is essential for the implementation of comprehensive strategies designed to address the multifaceted sustainability challenges confronting contemporary society. The current research undertakes a comprehensive investigation of the (FWE) 2 nexus framework, elucidating the dynamic interactions among food systems, waste management, water utilization, energy production, and ecosystem integrity. Through an extensive synthesis of the current literature, illustrative case studies, and empirical analyses, multifaceted dynamics inherent to the nexus were outlined. Key themes prominently featured include the necessity of conceptualizing food waste (FW) as a critical resource, the strategic deployment of technology to enhance operational efficiency, and the integration of circular economy principles to optimize resource utilization. Collectively, these elements advocate for sustainable practices that can yield substantive benefits for society and the environment. The (FWE) 2 nexus framework is essential for tackling the intertwined challenges of food production, FW management, water resources, energy consumption, and ecosystem health. Policymakers should prioritize collaborative efforts that unite government agencies, businesses, and communities. This synergy can create comprehensive strategies that enhance resource governance and improve global food security. Additionally, initiatives focused on public education and community engagement are vital, empowering individuals to actively participate in sustainable resource management and fostering significant societal and environmental benefits. This research demonstrates the considerable potential of the (FWE) 2 nexus framework in advancing several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Optimizing agricultural practices and reducing FW directly support SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by enhancing food security and nutrition. Furthermore, Considering FW as a valuable resource aligns with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), promoting sustainable consumption and waste reduction through circular economy principles that facilitate nutrient recovery and renewable energy generation. Moreover, effective FW management significantly contributes to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by promoting water conservation and improving water quality. The framework also underscores energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources in food production and waste management, thereby supporting SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). In addition, it plays a crucial role in SDG 13 (Climate Action) by reducing greenhouse gas emissions linked to food waste and resource overconsumption. By aligning these strategic efforts with the broader SDG framework, the (FWE) 2 nexus framework actively contributes to the global sustainability agenda, offering actionable pathways toward sustainable development that benefit current and future generations. • Holistic Sustainability Framework: The (FWE) 2 Nexus integrates food, food waste, water, energy, and ecosystems. • Circular Bioeconomy Driver: Promotes resource efficiency and closed-loop systems for food waste reduction. • SDG Alignment and Impact: Contributes to multiple SDGs, improving resource security and equity. • Policy-Relevant Insights: Incentivizes sustainable solutions and cross-sector collaboration. • Novel Interconnectedness: Unveils the synergistic potential of food waste management.