Digital Twins Applications in STEM Education: Challenges and Implementation Opportunities in Developing Countries

School laboratories generally offer opportunities to put the learned theoretical content into practice. In developing countries, not all secondary schools have access to laboratory classes for conducting laboratory experiments. In this study, we explore the opportunities and challenges of applying Digital Twins (DT) technology in the teaching process in developing countries, focusing on Mozambique and Rwanda. These challenges and opportunities will serve as means to analyze and inform the mechanisms needed to implement Internet of Things (IoT)-based technology to accommodate schools that do not have teaching laboratories. The interview-based questionnaire was administered in different secondary schools in Mozambique and Rwanda, and we applied the Yamane formula for the sample size. The cross-tabulation results showed that the application of DT technology in developing countries depends on factors such as infrastructure, connectivity, means of access and training of human resources. We also noticed through the study that some schools have such capabilities with which the integration of IoT, can be potential candidates for the application of DT. Similarly, those that do not have a physical laboratory, but have factors like connectivity and means of access, through DT they can access the web platforms.