Exploring the Use of Immersive VR for Human-Robot Collaboration in Construction: An Interview Study With Industry Experts and University Faculty

Abstract The construction industry is increasing its adaptation of automation technologies such as robots to improve productivity and efficiency. However, human-robot collaboration requires new skills and knowledge from both workers and engineers. However, training for these new skills might be difficult due to the high-risk nature of construction environments, the complexity of the tasks involved, and the need for precise and safe coordination between humans and robots. This research proposes an immersive virtual reality-based learning environment that provides a safe and engaging space for learning and practicing human-robot collaboration skills. The learning environment aims to simulate realistic construction site scenarios where human-robot teams collaborate. The research explores the effectiveness of the virtual learning environment in terms of learning outcomes, usability, and user satisfaction. To do so, eight interviews were conducted with industry experts and university faculty. The results of the interviews showed that there is a significant potential for the immersive virtual reality-based learning environment to improve workers’ skills, increase their confidence, and promote collaboration in the construction industry. Experts emphasized the importance of realistic simulations that closely mimic actual construction scenarios to enhance the learning experience. The interview results were then used to develop a medium-fidelity prototype. Usability testing of the prototype with undergraduate Construction Engineering and Management (CEM) students revealed that the students found the virtual environment engaging and beneficial for understanding the dynamics of human-robot collaboration. They reported an increased awareness of safety protocols and improved their ability to anticipate and coordinate with robot actions. However, some students noted challenges with the interface, suggesting areas for improvement in the system’s intuitiveness and user guidance. The findings of this research have implications for the development of immersive virtual reality-based learning environments and can contribute to the improvement of human-robot collaboration in the construction industry. Further, the technology’s immediate advantages, such as enhancing the safety and effectiveness of human-robot collaboration in construction, make it an important tool for companies in this sector trying to streamline their procedures and develop their staff. This research suggests that immersive VR training can be a valuable component of a broader strategy to integrate automation technologies into the construction industry, ensuring that workers are equipped with the necessary skills and confidence to work effectively alongside robots.