The discontinuation of implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock therapies towards the end of life: consensus guideline from the British Heart Rhythm Society

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are implanted in increasing numbers of patients with the aim of treating ventricular arrhythmias in high-risk patients and reducing their risk of dying. Individuals are also living longer with these devices. As a result, a greater number of patients with an ICD will deteriorate either with worsening cardiac failure, another non-cardiac condition or general frailty and will have a limited prognosis. Frequently, they will be cared for by non-cardiac teams who may be less familiar with ICDs. Therefore, to ensure the person receives high-quality end-of-life care, they should have the opportunity to consider and discuss the option to deactivate the shock function of their ICD. If the ICD shock therapy is not discontinued, there is an increased risk that, as a person reaches the last days of life, the ICD may deliver multiple, painful shocks that are distressing. There is also a risk that the device may delay the person's natural death, which the person would not have chosen if they had been given the opportunity to discuss discontinuation. The British Heart Rhythm Society has developed a practical guideline to support all healthcare professionals who are caring for patients who have an ICD. This includes descriptions of different device types, ethical and legal aspects, timing and nature of ICD discussions and practical advice regarding how the devices may be deactivated. It aims to promote awareness and timely discussion between professionals and patients and to encourage best practice.