Combined targeted therapies: future of IBD therapy?

A growing number of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) experienced failure of targeted therapies (monoclonal antibodies and small molecules). Combined targeted therapy is increasingly used for patients with refractory IBD allowing multimodal control of inflammation and restoration of epithelial homeostasis. This review compiles evidences for using combined targeted therapies including data from retrospective cohort studies and early-phase randomized controlled trials. This review also discusses limitations of current knowledge on ideal candidate and optimal use of combined targeted therapy.