Building Probation Capacity: What Works? Learning from the European experience of Probation Service Development in the 21st Century

Respected 'supranational' bodies such as the United Nations (UN) and Council of Europe (CoE) encourage and promote community sanctions and measures through the promulgation of international standards instruments, such as the UN's (1990) Standard Minimum Rules for Noncustodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) and the European Probation Rules (2010) respectively.Such standards, by their nature, are relatively uncontested in terms of their acceptance by relevant authorities and their applicability in the development and operation of probation