DIABETES MELLITUS E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES RENAIS: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA FOCADA NA NEFROPATIA DIABÉTICA E INSUFICIÊNCIA RENAL CRÔNICA

The article explores the renal complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), focusing on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and chronic renal failure (CRF). DN, considered one of the main causes of CRF in the world, results in high rates of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. The article addresses the pathophysiology of these diseases, highlighting how chronic hyperglycemia in DM leads to a series of structural and functional changes in the kidneys. Mechanisms such as advanced protein glycation, oxidative stress, activation of inflammatory cytokines, and endothelial dysfunction are central to the progression of DN. In addition to pathophysiology, the article extensively discusses treatments available to slow the progression of DN and prevent CKD. Strict control of glycemic levels, through medication and lifestyle changes, is essential. Furthermore, the use of drugs such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers has shown beneficial effects on renal protection. Other emerging treatments include SGLT2 and GLP-1 inhibitors, which demonstrate efficacy in both glycemic control and preservation of renal function. The article concludes that prevention and adequate management of these complications are fundamental to improving patients' quality of life and reducing rates of progression to CKD.