The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant attributes of propolis sourced from various regions in Iran

Honey, beeswax, and propolis have long been recognized for their significance in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated their antioxidant properties, making it crucial to investigate in depth their physicochemical, antioxidant, and microbial characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine the characteristics of propolis sourced from different areas within Iran. Propolis samples were obtained from beehives located in Sarab, Maku, Quchan, Neka, Qom, and Sanandaj regions for analysis. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties and mineral content of propolis were evaluated. Obtained data showed that Quchan propolis has the highest total antioxidant level, and the lowest amount was found for Qom samples (0.848 vs 0.531 %). Qom propolis samples had the highest aluminium, calcium and magnesium content among region samples. At a concentration of 1 % propolis, the Qom exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus . The Quchan samples had more antibacterial activity against E. coli at a level of 2 % propolis. The results of this study showed that the chemical composition, mineral content and antibacterial properties of propolis can be different based on the region. This finding can trigger measures to further enhance the quality of a given provenience.