Designing invert emulsion drilling fluids for high temperature and high-pressure conditions

Good and optimal rheology is a primary requisite for a drilling fluid to achieve better hole-cleaning and barite sag resistance. Conventional thickeners like organophilic clay that provide rheology to invert emulsion fluids degrade with time and thereby fail to maintain sufficient rheology of the drilling fluid. Generally, excess amount of organophilic clay or low gravity solids (LGS) is added to the drilling fluid to enhance rheology. However, addition of excess amount of organoclay or low gravity solids not only increases the cost of drilling but also may severely affect other drilling fluid properties, which will require further treatment. In addition, addition of organoclay or low gravity solids increases the plastic viscosity, decreases the rate of penetration thereby ultimately increasing the cost of drilling. Thus, there was a need to develop a drilling fluid with optimal rheology sufficient to give good hole cleaning and barite sag resistance. This paper describes the formulation of 70pcf, 90pcf and 120pcf organoclay-free invert emulsion drilling fluids formulated with a novel rheology modifier combination of RM1 and RM2. The paper describes the synergistic effect of RM1 and RM2 which is a combination of fatty acid and fatty amine respectively. The fluids were hot rolled at 250°F, 250°F and 350°F respectively and the temperature effect on the rheological and filtration properties were studied. The paper also describes the static aging and contamination studies of 90pcf and 120pcf fluids at 250°F and 350°F respectively. Rheology of the 90pcf invert emulsion fluid was measured across high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) conditions to observe their effects on the fluid properties. 70pcf, 90pcf and 120pcf organoclay-free invert emulsion drilling fluids formulated with the novel rheology modifier combination of RM1 and RM2 showed optimal rheology and low HTHP fluid loss. Static aging studies of 90pcf IEFs at 250°F respectively showed that the fluids are sag-resistant with low top-oil separation. Contamination studies of 90pcf fluid showed that the contaminants have minimal effect on the rheology and filtration properties of the invert emulsion fluid. HTHP rheology of the 90pcf invert emulsion fluid shows consistent rheology across high temperatures and pressures. The paper thus demonstrates the superior performance of the rheology modifier combination to achieve good rheological and filtration properties.