Changes in the Yield Effect of the Preceding Crop in the <scp>US</scp> Corn Belt Under a Warming Climate

Crop rotation has been widely used to enhance crop yields and mitigate adverse climate impacts. The existing research predominantly focuses on the impacts of crop rotation under growing season (GS) climates, neglecting the influences of non-GS (NGS) climates on agroecosystems. This oversight limits our understanding of the comprehensive climatic impacts on crop rotation and, consequently, our ability to devise effective adaptation strategies in response to climate warming. In this study, we examine the impacts of both GS and NGS climate conditions on the yield effect of the preceding crop in corn-soybean rotation systems from 1999 to 2018 in the US Midwest. Using causal forest analysis, we estimate that crop rotation increases corn and soybean yields by 0.96 and 0.22 t/ha on average, respectively. We then employ statistical models to indicate that increasing temperatures and rainfall in the NGS reduce corn rotation benefits, while warming GS enhances rotation benefits for soybeans. By 2051-2070, we project that warming climates will reduce corn rotation benefits by 6.74% under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 1-2.6 and 17.18% under SSP 5-8.5. For soybeans, warming climates are expected to increase rotation benefits by 8.36% under SSP 1-2.6 and 13.83% under SSP 5-8.5. Despite these diverse climate impacts on both crops, increasing crop rotation could still improve county-average yields, as neither corn nor soybean was fully rotated. If we project that all continuous corn and continuous soybeans are rotated by 2051-2070, county-average corn yields will increase by 0.265 t/ha under SSP 1-2.6 and 0.164 t/ha under SSP 5-8.5, while county-average soybean yields will gain 0.064 t/ha under SSP 1-2.6 and 0.076 t/ha under SSP 5-8.5. These findings highlight the effectiveness of crop rotation in the face of warming NGS and GS in the future and can help evaluate opportunities for adaptation.