Development of all-solid-state ultraviolet lasers

Since the discovery of the frequency doubling phenomenon in the 1960s, there has been a continuous emergence of solid-state lasers with varying wavelengths. Technological advancements have facilitated the generation of various types of ultraviolet lasers by employing diverse frequency doubling crystals and pump sources. Ultraviolet lasers find widespread applications in processing, microelectronics, grating fabrication, and beyond. This article presents a comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of different ultraviolet lasers, explores solid-state ultraviolet lasers of varying wavelengths achieved through frequency doubling, and delineates their diverse applications.