The greatest physics discovery of the 20th century: How did the expanding Universe make us?

Abstract The expanding Universe is unstable, owing to the energy released in gravitational interactions, leading to the complexity we now observe, from astrophysics to biology and psychology and combat. In just the last century, we discovered relativity, quantum mechanics, the fundamental particles (quarks, leptons and force carriers), the expanding Universe and the density fluctuations in the primordial material, and the astounding complexity of self-organised chaos feeding from energy flows. While we have not detected signs of life elsewhere, we know that about 20% of stars have planets with the right temperature and size to be like Earth. If life is not a miracle but a thermodynamic imperative, then it could be detectable through measurements of exoplanet atmospheres containing oxygen.