Rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on acoustic-vibration data fusion and mode decomposition combined with the crested porcupine optimization algorithm

Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is extensively utilized in the domain of rotating machinery fault diagnosis. Nevertheless, the reliance on empirical parameter tuning and the limitations inherent in traditional single-signal (either vibration signals or acoustic signals) fault diagnosis methods present substantial challenges. These include incomplete information and high sensitivity to noise. To address these shortcomings, a new method is introduced that integrates multi-modal sensor data and implements an adaptive VMD approach, enhanced through the Crested Porcupine Optimization Algorithm (CPO) to automatically optimize the key parameter. Then, uses optimized VMD to decompose the time series into intrinsic mode functions of different frequencies to capture the multi-scale characteristics of data. Finally, the decomposed acoustic-vibro signal components are fed into the CNN-BiGRU-AT network, which learns the spatio-temporal dependencies to enhance the accuracy of fault classification. The experimental results conducted across diverse high-noise environments demonstrate that this method's superior noise robustness compared to single-modality sensor approaches， highlighting the method's potential for machinery fault detection in noisy conditions.