Seroprevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis B and C viral infections among otherwise healthy Nigerian university students

Background: HIV, Hepatitis B, and C viral infections remain a global health concern with worrisome prevalence, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The current study determined their prevalence and predisposing risk factors among undergraduates of Prince Abubakar Audu University (PAAU). Methods: In a cross-sectional study design, blood samples collected from 200 students were screened for HIV, HBV, and HCV using commercial rapid immunoassay kits. Data on demographics and behavioral risk factors were obtained from each consenting student using a structured questionnaire. Results: Overall, 5.5% (11/200), 3.5% (7/200), and 1.0% (2/200) students were positive for HIV, HBV, and HCV infections, respectively. One student was co-infected with HIV/HCV (0.5%) while none had a triple infection. HIV seroprevalence was significantly predicted by gender (OR= 8.4, 95% CI: 0.01-0.88, p=0.01), presence of scarification mark (OR= 5, 95% CI: 1.61-20.62, p=0.003), intake of alcohol (p=0.03), and increasing number of sexual partners (p=0.04). The prevalence of both HIV and HCV significantly increased with a history of sexually transmitted diseases. Students without prior knowledge of HBV infection showed higher infection rates (6.9% vs 1.6%) and not being vaccinated against the virus significantly predicted susceptibility to HBV infection (p=0.04). Conclusion: Findings from our study in comparison with previous epidemiological studies show that the overall HIV prevalence is still relatively high whereas that of HBV has decreased, and HCV prevalence remained stable. Thus, we advocate for a concerted effort to provide regular HIV, HBV, and HCV testing and counseling services on campus to facilitate early detection and management of cases. The significant susceptibility to HBV infection in non-vaccinated subjects suggests a need for improved vaccination services.