Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Pharmaceutical Drugs

The rapidly increasing human population has led to new biological and environmental challenges. These challenges, in turn, have contributed to the rapid growth of the pharmaceutical sector. Quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing and drug delivery necessitates portable, sensitive, precise, and cost-effective devices to monitor patient dosing and assess pharmaceutical hazards. This study highlights the attributes and applications of the current nanomaterial-based sensors for drug detection, emphasizing the potential of these devices to advance the detection of bioactive molecules, thereby promoting human health and environmental protection on a large scale. Electrochemical sensors, in particular, have become invaluable in bioimaging, electrochemical analysis, and drug delivery due to their high specificity, selectivity, and stability across cycles. This review focuses on recent advancements in electrochemical devices for healthcare applications, detailing their production, analytical performance, and clinical uses.