A GMM-CGABC Based Energy Replenishment Scheme for On-Demand Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are constrained by the limited energy capacity of Sensor Nodes (SNs), which hinders their perpetual operation. The advent of Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) technology has emerged as a promising solution to this challenge, enabling the creation of Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs). Recent research has shown growing interest in integrating Wireless Mobile Chargers (WMCs) into WRSNs to replenish the energy reserves of critical SNs through WET. A key aspect of WET involves using one or more WMCs to recharge SNs, with optimizing the charging schedule (i.e., the sequence in which SNs are charged) crucial in on-demand WRSNs. In addition, spatiotemporal constraints imposed by the requesting SNs must be considered when devising the WMC's charging schedule. To address these challenges, this work proposes the integration of a Gaussian Mixture Model with a Chaotic Gaussian Artificial Bee Colony (GMM-CGABC) to develop an efficient recharge schedule that revitalizes SNs. This model is designed to optimize SN deployment, maximize network coverage, minimize energy consumption, and extend network longevity. The proposed method determines the optimal charging path for WMCs within each cluster to minimize Average Charging Latency (ACL) while incorporating a novel strategy for fitness function evaluation. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, including First Come, First Served (FCFS), Nearest Job Next with Preemption (NJNP), and the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA), in terms of charging latency.