MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PROTEIN SHAKES IN NORMALIZING METABOLIC PROCESSES, THEIR ROLE IN IMPROVING GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES, AND IN PREVENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

This review article delves into the significance of protein shakes, particularly whey protein, in various health and fitness contexts. The primary focus is on their biochemical properties, metabolic benefits, and their role in supporting muscle mass, weight loss, and metabolic health. The article synthesizes findings from multiple studies to highlight the potential of protein shakes in improving glycemic control, reducing inflammation, and enhancing overall health, particularly for individuals with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and sarcopenia. The review also explores the effectiveness of protein shakes in athletic performance and recovery, as well as their impact on glucose metabolism and homeostasis. It underscores the necessity for further research to optimize the use and dosage of protein shakes for diverse populations to fully harness their benefits. Whey proteins are rich in essential amino acids, particularly leucine, which stimulates muscle protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway. This makes them highly effective in muscle building and recovery. Whey protein consumption enhances glycemic control by increasing insulin secretion and improving insulin sensitivity. Studies have shown significant reductions in fasting glucose levels and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. Protein shakes aid in weight loss by promoting satiety and increasing thermogenesis. They help maintain muscle mass during weight loss, which is crucial for sustaining metabolic rate. Clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing body fat and improving metabolic markers. Whey protein, combined with resistance training, significantly improves muscle mass and strength in older adults, helping to prevent sarcopenia. This is essential for maintaining physical functionality and reducing the risk of falls and fractures. In the rehabilitation of patients with severe obesity, protein shakes are effective in reducing body weight, improving metabolic health, and maintaining muscle mass. They play a crucial role in comprehensive rehabilitation programs that include diet and physical exercise. Protein shakes support metabolic adaptations by preserving muscle mass and enhancing thermogenesis, which helps maintain a high metabolic rate and prevent weight regain. Whey proteins enhance muscle mass and strength, speed up recovery after training, and boost endurance. They also support the immune system and reduce oxidative stress, contributing to better overall athletic performance . Proteins shakes aid in regulating blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity, which is crucial for preventing and managing diabetes. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties further enhance metabolic health.