Teaching strategies, pedagogical competence, and challenges among maritime professional instructors of maritime higher education institutions (MHEIs): bases for an enhancement program

<strong>Purpose:</strong> This study aimed to investigate the teaching strategies, pedagogical competence, and challenges encountered by maritime professional instructors in Maritime Higher Education Institutions (MHEIs) to inform the development of an enhancement program. <strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive-comparative design was employed, utilizing a quantitative approach to examine the teaching strategies, pedagogical competence, and challenges faced by 75 maritime professional instructors selected through stratified random sampling. Data were gathered using a researcher-made instrument consisting of four parts, with its validity established through expert validation and reliability ensured via pilot testing using Cronbach's Alpha method. <strong>Findings:</strong> The results indicated that the most prevalent teaching strategies among maritime professional instructors included quizzes, tests, discussions, demonstrations, hands-on activities, practical exercises, and lectures enhanced by interactive techniques. The instructors exhibited a very high level of pedagogical competence overall and across various categories, including rank, teaching experience, educational attainment, and classification. Nonetheless, they encountered significant challenges such as financial concerns, limited resources and skills, and fatigue stemming from inadequate sleep. <strong>Research Implications:</strong> The study underscores the importance of a balanced approach that integrates traditional and interactive teaching methods to foster comprehensive learning in maritime education. The high level of pedagogical competence among instructors highlights their effectiveness in facilitating meaningful learning experiences. Furthermore, the findings suggest that factors such as training in instructional methods and industry expertise may be more critical in developing effective teaching skills than conventional indicators like rank, experience, or educational background. <strong>Practical Implications:</strong> Educational institutions should consider addressing the challenges faced by maritime professional instructors by providing support systems and resources that enhance teaching efficacy and well-being. Additionally, promoting ongoing professional development focused on instructional methods and practical skills can further strengthen the pedagogical competence of instructors, ultimately benefiting student learning outcomes in maritime education. <strong>Received: 05 August 2024 </strong> <strong>Accepted: 02 September 2024 </strong> <strong>Published: 22 September 2024</strong>