Advancements in Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring for Spinal Surgery: Innovations, Multimodal Approaches, and Implications for Patient Safety

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has become an essential component of spinal surgery, providing real-time assessment of neural function and enhancing surgical safety. Recent advancements in IONM technologies have significantly improved the ability to detect and prevent neurological complications during spinal procedures. This article reviews the latest updates in IONM, including advancements in monitoring techniques, integration of multimodal monitoring, and improvements in data interpretation. The article also discusses the impact of these innovations on surgical outcomes and patient safety, highlighting the importance of ongoing developments in this field.