Integration of electric vehicles in smart grids: Challenges and opportunities in achieving carbon neutrality goals

Abstract. The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into smart grids represents a pivotal shift towards sustainable transportation, offering substantial environmental benefits and new challenges for grid stability and energy management. This paper proposes a dual-layer economic dispatch model emphasizing source-load collaboration for carbon reduction, utilizing carbon trading mechanisms and demand response strategies to enhance grid stability and carbon efficiency. The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology emerges as a key solution, enabling EVs to contribute to grid reliability and facilitating renewable energy integration. Through analysis of EV charging behavior and demand response mechanisms, the study underscores the critical role of EVs in achieving carbon neutrality goals and the necessity of innovative solutions to integrate EVs seamlessly into the grid. This research highlights the importance of collaborative efforts among policymakers, utilities, and stakeholders to address the challenges and seize the opportunities presented by EV integration, paving the way for a low-carbon energy future.