Crop Pattern, Waterlogging and Salinity Nexus in Semi-Arid Region of Punjab, India

This research explores the intricate dynamics of cropping patterns and their influence on waterlogging and salinity in the semi–arid region of Indian Punjab. Examining the timeframe from 1991–92 to 2020–21 in the southwestern districts of Punjab, the study identifies notable shifts in the cultivation areas of major crops. There is an increase in the cultivation of rice, wheat, and vegetables, while cotton, fruits, oilseeds, and pulses experience declining trends. From 1991–92 to 2020–21, the area under rice cultivation increased by 41.05% in Bathinda, 53.27% in Faridkot, 39.52% in Ferozepur, and 4.21% in Fazilka, while cotton cultivation declined by 23.45%, 36.70%, 27.17%, and 2.13%, respectively. The expansion of irrigated areas, driven by both canal and tubewell irrigation, accompanies these shifts. However, the intensified irrigation and cultivation of high water requirement crops contributes to a rise in the water table, resulting in increased waterlogging and salinity in Fazilka, Sri Muktsar Sahib, and Faridkot districts, posing threats to soil health and crop yields. Correlation analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between rice, wheat, and vegetable cultivation and salt–affected waterlogged areas, exacerbating waterlogging and salinity due to the high water requirements of these crops. In contrast, cotton and fruit cultivation display a significant negative correlation with waterlogged areas. This thorough analysis underscores the urgency of adopting sustainable agricultural practices and collaborative irrigation management to effectively address waterlogging and salinity challenges. A joint effort involving farmers and policymakers is imperative to promote sustainable agriculture and enhance crop productivity in the region.