Advances in diagnosis and imaging of cervical dysfunction in the sports horse

Cervical imaging provides an abundance of data. It is important not to lose sight of the horse and to determine what clinical relevance these findings have. Good clinical examination, in combination with knowledge of functional anatomy and biomechanics, are essential in anticipation of more research which will allow veterinarians to work in a more evidence-based manner. The location of cervical pain can be pinpointed to a single or multiple locations with an extensive history, static observation, general palpation, motion evaluation, specific palpation and dynamic evaluation. The whole body should be evaluated. The majority of cervical pathology (80%) is located in the caudal cervical area (C5–T1). Radiography of this region can be improved with good quality equipment, collimation, correct positioning of the horse and a correct distance between generator and plate. Radiography and ultrasonography may underestimate cervical pathology. Computed tomography is the preferred method of imaging but may lead to over interpretation. The most common finding is narrowing of the intervertebral foramen because of enlargement of the articular process joint(s). More than one location with abnormalities is often identified.