Multiple system atrophy

Multiple systemic atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of autonomic dysfunction and movement disorders. It occurs in adults in most cases and is manifested by various clinical syndromes with varying degrees of severity, such as parkinsonism, cerebellar dysfunction, autonomic insufficiency, and urogenital and corticospinal dysfunction. Difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are largely due to incomplete understanding of pathogenesis. This review summarizes current literature on etiological, including genetic, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for MSA.