Moving the goalposts in Qatar: Tracing the labour reform process by and through transnational players

This article traces the process which led the state of Qatar to take steps towards reforming its labour laws that had historically severely restricted the rights and freedoms of migrant workers who make up the majority of its workforce. Our premise is that the 2022 World Cup served as a catalyst for Qatar to enact significant labour reforms due to a complex array of events harnessed by the actions of key actors, notably the global labour movement. We use political process theory which we operationalise in a novel manner, that is, through the process tracing methodology which allows us to demonstrate that it was a combination of internal and external factors (events, actors, strategies) which ultimately pushed Qatar to rapidly introduce legal and policy changes as well as taking steps to amend its hostile institutional environment.