MsERF17 Promotes Ethylene‐Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Under Drought Conditions in <i>Malus spectabilis</i> Leaves

Drought is an important factor that affects plant anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) are pivotal regulators in plant growth and environmental responses, particularly in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study investigated the leaf colour transition from green to red in Malus spectabilis under drought conditions. This transition was primarily attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins, specifically cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside. Our findings elucidate the pivotal role of MsERF17 in drought-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Biochemical and molecular analyses showed that MsERF17 positively regulates anthocyanin synthesis by binding to promoters of MsbHLH3 and MsF3' H, thereby activating their expression. Moreover, transient overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing of MsERF17 in fruit peel and leaves, respectively, regulated anthocyanin synthesis. The stable transformation of calli further corroborated the positive regulatory function of MsERF17 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanism by which MsERF17, induced by ethylene, promotes anthocyanin accumulation through the positive regulation of MsbHLH3 and MsF3'H expression under drought conditions in M. spectabilis leaves.