Investigating Biomarkers and Molecular Mechanisms in COPD: Perspectives from In-vivo Models

Purpose: This review examines COPD pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment. COPD, a progressive respiratory illness that blocks airflow, causes high morbidity and death. The complicated pathophysiology of COPD involves genetic predisposition, environmental variables (particularly tobacco smoke), and inflammatory pathways. COPD diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring depend on biomarkers in clinical and preclinical investigations. COPD care should include pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological therapies to improve symptoms, lung function, and outcomes. Materials and Method: This review examines COPD pathogenesis, cytokines, and risk factors. This review article discusses how immune system signalling molecules called cytokines contribute to COPD's persistent inflammation. Smoking and environmental contaminants are also examined as COPD risk factors. The analysis also covers biomarkers needed to diagnose and track the condition. Results: The review paper on COPD highlights the critical role of cytokines in the disease's pathophysiology, emphasizing their contribution to chronic inflammation. Various cytokines, particularly interleukins, are implicated in driving the inflammatory processes within the airways and lungs, resulting in tissue damage and airflow limitation, which are hallmark features of COPD. The paper also identifies smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants as major risk factors for the development of COPD. Conclusion: This review illuminates COPD's complex pathogenesis, highlighting cytokines' involvement in chronic inflammation. To create targeted therapeutics, cytokine-mediated pathways must be understood. The review emphasizes biomarkers' use in preclinical and clinical investigations to diagnose and monitor COPD and provide disease progression insights.