Recent Progress on Air, Liquid, PCM, Heat Pipe, and Hybrid Modes of Thermal Management in Lithium-Ion Batteries

This study emphasises lithium-ion batteries, which have been the subject of extensive research due to their wide range of benefits, including extended life cycle, minimal discharge, and high energy density. However, the temperature sensitivity of the batteries presents a notable obstacle that can negatively impact their performance and longevity when operating under extreme conditions. To overcome this challenge, implementing an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is imperative. Battery thermal management is crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-demand applications like electric vehicles. This comprehensive review explores a variety of BTMS technologies, including air-cooling methods, liquid-cooling techniques, heat pipes, and PCM materials. While air-cooled BTMS is a safe and straightforward design, its lower heat capacity and thermal efficiency limit is used to low-capacity batteries. However, forced air-cooled BTMS is an excellent solution for high charging/discharging rates, as air flows through channels within the battery packs to optimize cooling. Liquid-cooled BTMS also shows promise, although designers must ensure the sealing cover is secure to prevent leaks. Heat pipes (HP) offer a unique approach to controlling battery temperature, while Phase change materials (PCM) thermal management is notable for its ability to absorb significant heat by latent heat. Hybrid cooling combines fins, nanofluids, PCM, and microchannels-based cooling and can significantly enhance battery performance under high charging/discharging rates. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in various applications, including the Electric vehicle industry. Keeping the lithium- ion battery temperature within the optimal range is important and is accomplished by a suitable BTMS. Different methods, such as air cooling, Liquid cooling, Heat pipe, and PCM materials, are used in BTMS. An effective thermal management system and efficient battery model are absolutely necessary. Each of the techniques in BTMS has its own benefits and drawbacks. The effectiveness of thermal management configurations and methods can vary. Thus, evaluating performance and optimal configuration is crucial before implementation. The review also considers recent advancements and patent filings that underscore innovation in BTMS technologies.