A Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors Which Contribute to Anemia among Adolescent Girls in Selected Schools of Basti

A study to assess the Prevalence and Risk factors which contribute to Anemia among Adolescent girls in selected Schools of Basti. The aim of the study is to assess the Prevalence and Risk factors which contribute to Anemia among Adolescent girls in selected Schools. The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in selected schools of Basti. To find out the association between the prevalence of anemia among adults and girls with socio demographic menstrual factors, dietary factors. The Hypothesis.H0- There will be no statical significance of prevalence of anemia with socio demographic measures, dietary factors H1-There will be a statical significance of prevalence of anemia with socio demographic menstrual factor dietary factors. The limitation of the study is limited to only adolescent girls who are available in selected schools. The study is limited to adolescent girls who are between 10 to 15 years. The exclusion criteria are adolescent girls who are already taking treatment of anemia and adolescent girls who are having blood related disorders. The setting of the study is selected Schools of Basti. The setting is appropriate to conduct the study because advocate number of adults and girls from age 10 to 15 yrs were available who could be taken for the study. The target population of this study was adolescent girls aged 10 to 15 years. Sample size is 150 Adolescent girls. In this study, sampling technique was nonprobability convenience technique. In this study dependent Variable is hemoglobin level of adolescent girl and independent variables are prevalence and risk factors of anemia. In the study, tools used are structured questionnaire and Hb’s estimation procedure. This research shows the significant association between the prevalence of anemia and type of family and duration of blood flow, other than this, no significant association between other demographic variables and risk factors of anemia with prevalence of anemia. Key word- Anemia, Health, Hemoglobin, Hb’s estimation INTRODUCTION Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired and weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause”. Anemia, the word anemia, derives from a Greek word that means ‘no blood.’ The term chlorosis a Greek term meaning brown, first described the signs of anemia. Anemia is not disorder, it is a condition that results from red blood cells, below normal levels of hemoglobin. Earlier references of anemia can be dated back to 1684 when a study on blood composition was conducted by Robert Boyle. In India reported by to National Health and Family Survey (NHFS-3), in adolescent girls aged between 15 and 19 years the prevalence of anemia is 55.8%, including 39.1% with mild anemia, 14.9% with moderate anemia and 1.7% with severe anemia. 45.3% of women aged 15-49 years in India are anemic, according to NHFS. The incidence rate of anemia in India embryonic and non-embryonic mother age between 15 to 49 years is 50.3% and 53.1%. Similarly, the incidence rate of anemia in women aged 15-49 years in Maharashtra is 56.2%. “Hemoglobin (Hb) rate in women below 12.0 g / dl and in men below13.0 g / dl are known as WHO anemia”.7Anemia classified by erythrocyte size are anemia of microcytic: Microcytic anemia is called where erythrocyte is lower than normal. Anemia and thalassemia are the major causes of this type. (inherited hemoglobin disorders) due to iron deficiency (low iron level), Normocytic anemia: Where erythrocyte volumes are regular (but below in number), it is considered normal anemia, i.e. chronic disease accompanying anemia or kidney disease related anemia, Macrocytic anemia: It is called macrocytic anemia If there are more Erythrocyte than normal. Pernicious anemia are more common causes of this type and anemia associated with alcohol. Symptoms of Anemia: Fatigue, reduced strength, fatigue, breathing difficulty, headache, palpitations (sensation of heart racing or tachycardia), and looks pale. Anemia related symptoms in severe condition: Pain in the chest, angina, or heart attack, tiredness, fainting or passing away, and fast heart rate. Some of the signs that a person can experience anemia may include: Change in stool color, like black and tarry stools (sticky and bad smelling), dark or clearly bloody stools if anemia is caused by gastrointestinal bleeding, tachycardia, hypotension, quick breathing, pale or hypo pyrexia, yellow skin called jaundice if anemia is caused by red blood cell breakdown, heart murmur and splenomegaly with some causes of anemia. Medical treatment of anemia: Mild anemia and is known to be associated with below normal level of iron, which may result in iron supplements. When anemia is associated with a sudden loss of blood from an injury or excessive bleeding during an ulcer in the stomach, it may be necessary to reduce the physical sign and restore the blood loss by hospitalizing and transfusing erythrocyte. Additional bleeding control measures can happen simultaneously to avoid further blood loss. In other less important cases, transfusion of blood may also be needed. For example, the counselor can expect a person taking chemotherapy for cancer to have chemotherapy-related bone marrow issues. The physician may therefore check blood counts regularly, and if the rates are too low, physicians may prescribe a transfusion of erythrocytes to help with anemia symptoms. NEED OF THE STUDY Anemia affects one third of the world's population, mainly iron deficiency anemia. India continues to be one of the most prevalent countries. The NFHS-3 shows that anemia prevalence is 70-80% in childhood, 70% in pregnancy, and 24% in adult men. In India prevalence of anemia is high due to poor dietary intake, low iron availability, severe menstrual blood loss, Chronic loss of blood due to infestation of the hook worms and malaria. Although anemia has documented side effects on individuals physical and cognitive efficiency, the true toll of anemia with iron deficiency is due to the Negative maternal and child health effects. Poor nutritional health and anemia have long-term effects during pregnancy. During adolescent period adolescent girls facing problem of anemia and not taking care and treatment, afterword complication occurs like Depression, heart disease like arrhythmias, heart murmur, cardiomegaly or even cardiac heart failure, increased risk of infection, delays in engine or cognitive development in children, Complications of pregnancy, like preterm delivery or giving birth to a LBW baby, STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A study to assess the Prevalence and Risk factors which contribute to Anemia among Adolescent girls in selected Schools of Basti. AIM To assess the Prevalence and Risk factors which contribute to Anemia among Adolescent girls in selected Schools. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To estimate prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls in selected schools. 2. To find out the association between the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls with socio-demographic, menstrual factors, dietary factors. HYPOTHESIS H0. There will be no statistical significant of prevalence of anemia with socio- demographic, menstrual factors, dietary factors. H1. There will be statistical significant of prevalence of anemia with socio- demographic, menstrual factors, dietary factors. METHODOLOGY- Research approach – The investigator has adopted quantitative research approach. Research design- The investigator has adopted cross-sectional survey design. Setting up the study- This research was performed in selected schools of Basti. Sample and sample size – In this study, the study the sample was a dose and girl from age 10 to 15 years of selected school. Sampling technique- In this study, sampling technique was nonprobability convenience. CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION Inclusion criteria 1. Adolescence girls who are willing to participate in the study. 2. Adolescence girls who are in the age between 10-15 years. 3. Adolescence girls who are available at the time of study Exclusion criteria 1. Adolescence girls who are already taking treatment of anaemia. 2. Adolescence girls who are having blood related disorder. ORGANIZATION OF FINDINGS The findings are examined and interpreted in the following section: Section A: Distribution of adolescent girls with regards to demographic variables. Section B: Distribution of adolescent girls regarding prevalence of anemia. Section C: Distribution of adolescent girls with regards to menstrual factors, dietary factors. Section D: Association of prevalence of anemia with socio-demographic, menstrual factors and dietary factors. SECTION A Section A dealt with the percentage wise distribution of adolescent girls by demographic variable. Convenient samples consist of a total of 150 subjects which was selected from school were the data designed from the study population the data was collected to define various characteristics such as age, education, types of family, monthly income and type of diet. Table 1: Percentage wise distribution of adolescent girls according to their demographic characteristics. n=150 Demographic Variables Frequency Percentage Age in years 10-11 years 55 36.7 12-13 years 46 30.7 14-15 years 49 32.7 Girls Education Primary 11 7.3 Middle School 118 78.7 Secondary 21 14.0 Mother’s Education Illiterate 17 11.3 Primary 89 59.3 SSC 37 24.7 HSC 7 4.7 Undergraduate 0 0 Graduate 0 0 Type of family Nuclear 104 69.3 Joint 29 19.3 Extended 17 11.3 Monthly family income Rs. 9000-10000 89 59.3 Rs. 10001-11000 15 10.0 Rs 11001-12000 24 16.0 Rs 12001 and above 22 14.7 Type of diet Vegetarian 82 54.7 Non-Vegetarian 68 45.3 Table 1 shows that frequency and percentage wise distribution of adolescent girls was according to the age of adolescent girls, girl’s education,