Trading Crossroads: The Historical Journey of Vijayanagara, Portuguese and Nayakdoms

The Portuguese arrival led to the formation of alliances with the Vijayanagara Empire, initially characterised by cooperation but later marred by conflicts. The trade dynamics experienced a notable transformation following the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire. The fall of the Vijayanagara Empire paved the way for the rise of the Nayaks of Madurai, Thanjavur, Gingee and the ruler of Ikkeri, who emerged as successor states, ushering in a new era in the history of trade. After 1565, there evolved a shift from Hampi-oriented trade of the Portuguese to a polycentric commerce, whereby Thanjavur with the seaport of Nagapattinam, Madurai, with the port of Tuticorin in Pearl Fishery Coast, Ikkeri, with the ports of Mangalore, Basrur and Honavar on the South Canara /Kanara coast became the hubs of Portuguese commercial activities in the new turn of events in the Nayakdoms. This article aims to delve into the interconnected and multifaceted historical journey of the Vijayanagara Empire, Portuguese and the Nayaks, which contributed to the enduring continuity in South India. It will examine how trade played a pivotal role in unifying the fragmented economy and fostering economic vibrancy in the region, while also exploring the evolving significance of trade over time.