The Spatial and Temporal Extent Changing of the Macronutrients of Arable Land—A Feixi County (East China) Case Study

Understanding the status of soil properties and revealing their spatiotemporal variation patterns in study areas are important for achieving precision agriculture and promoting the steady improvement of farmland quality. By combining field survey sampling with ArcGIS spatial interpolation, the change rate, correlation, and transfer matrix were applied to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in soil properties in Feixi County farmlands in 2010 and 2022. The average soil pH increased from 5.80 to 5.96, maintaining weak acidity. The analyzed levels remained moderate, and the average available phosphorus (AP) decreased by 5.31 mg·kg−1. The average organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) increased by 4.89 g·kg−1, 0.23 g·kg−1, and 16.41 mg·kg−1, respectively. Soil nutrient contents were higher in the coastal areas of Chaohu Lake. The coefficients of variation and the rate of change of OM, TN, and AK were similar, whereas the coefficient of variation of pH was relatively small. The coefficients of variation and the rate of change for AP were relatively high. Moderate-level soil properties significantly changed in the area, with direct conversion between low and high levels. The spatial and temporal characteristics of OM and TN were similar. In the absence of targeted agricultural technical guidance, the soil property grade is usually medium, the soil property grade will fluctuate up and down without direction, and there is a direct transition between low and high content. Taking Feixi County as a case study in East China, the research results clearly show the changes and trends of major nutrient elements, providing a research idea for cities in East Asia, which mainly engage in rice cultivation and in the development of agriculture and urbanization, and providing data support and references for the future soil nutrient zoning management of farmers’ precise fertilization, production, and planting for sustainable development.