Fly Ash Characterisation for Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Beneficiation in Türkiye

The rapid advancement of technology is continuously increasing the need for rare earth elements (REEs). These strategically important metals are mainly sourced from primary resources, and then secondary resources are explored. Despite the significant issues caused by post products, fly ash from coal-fired power plants can be considered a secondary source due to its high REE content. This study conducted characterization analyses of six fly ash samples from power plants in Türkiye and investigated the potential for REE enrichment. The fly ashes were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The enrichment potential of REEs in two selected fly ashes was examined. Total REE values were found to be 168.9 and 244.9 ppm. The results indicate that fly ashes can be utilized as a secondary source of REEs. Moreover, the application of bioleaching for the enrichment of REEs from fly ash is considered both an economically viable and environmentally friendly alternative. In this context, fly ash from Türkiye is concluded to have significant potential for REE recovery, and this method can contribute to the sustainable use of existing resources. This study also validates its findings by comparing them with literature.