Water quality characterization for two lakes in Panchkula, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT The rising concerns surrounding water scarcity have prompted a closer examination of water sources to determine their suitability for various purposes based on their quality. Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA) is often used for grouping pollution sources based on their shared characteristics. Techniques such as Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) are employed for in-depth parametric analysis. Additionally, the quantification of these parameters is carried out using both traditional Water Quality Index (WQI) methods and the newer Modified Water Quality Index (MWQI). For the present study, the MSA revealed elevated levels of electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), primarily due to sediment influx from watershed areas and increased agricultural activities around the lakes. HCA indicated moderate pollution levels, further corroborated by the three selected WQI techniques. Overall, the water quality in both lakes was deemed ‘good’ across their entire expanse, suggesting they can be used directly for activities such as bathing, boating, and irrigation. However, for drinking purposes, some degree of treatment was still necessary.