Trajectory Analysis of the Four‐Year Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Characteristics Among Highly Competitive Male University Long‐Distance Runners

These results indicate site-specific musculoskeletal adaptations to intensive long-distance running training. Moreover, a random slope model accurately captured the trajectories of most dependent variables, highlighting the heterogeneity of training responses. The predictive models developed in this study offer practical strategies for identifying runners at risk of suboptimal physical development, thereby facilitating the development of personalized conditioning programs.