Revisiting Linear Enamel Hypoplasia in Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>): How a Stress Marker Relates to Environment and Maternal Lineage in a Rare Rhesus Colony With Known Life History

Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) are development defects appearing as lines or grooves on enamel surfaces. Forming when physiological stressors disrupt developing teeth, LEHs provide retrospective insight into stress experienced in early development. Here, LEHs in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were observed with respect to decade of birth, whether an individual was transferred from the free-ranging colony to the captive facility during probable crown formation periods, and matriline of birth. It was hypothesized that later decades would exhibit higher prevalence than earlier decades as climatic conditions in Puerto Rico worsened over time. Transfer was expected to affect LEH formation because the process of transfer, and subsequent restriction to captivity, is thought to be stressful. Matriline membership was hypothesized to relate to LEH formation because there is some evidence of a genetic influence on susceptibility to form LEH and because offspring of matrilines of different dominance ranks are known to experience different levels of aggression. Lower third premolars with minimal enamel surface wear were scored for LEH using a digital microscope, while a follow-up analysis of the two matrilines with the most extreme differences in LEH frequency was conducted using enamel surface profiles. Results were: (1) individuals born during the 1990s had significantly greater LEH prevalence than those born in the 1960s, (2) transferred individuals exhibited weak evidence of greater LEH prevalence than nontransferred comparison groups, and (3) matrilines did not differ in LEH expression in the initial or follow-up analysis. Although sample sizes were small for some comparisons, these results suggest that not all decades saw an equal prevalence of LEH, that there might be a small effect of transfer from free-ranging to captive conditions on LEH prevalence that is difficult to detect, and that the matriline into which an individual is born is not related to LEH expression.